Biology of Reproduction Summers

Endocrinology Homeostasis/Feedback Adult Female Steroid Production Ovulation

Adult Male Gonadal Axis Regulation Sexual Differentiation Sexual Behavior Puberty

Reproductive Cycling Estrous Cycles Menstrual Cycle Menopause Fertilization

Fertilization Systems Gamete Interaction Pregnancy Labor and Parturition Lactation

Sexual Response & Behavior Pheromones STDs text: Human Reproductive Biology4th Edition- RE Jones & KH Lopez,: pp 159 - 172 Acronyms/Abbreviations    end

XXI. Fertilization systems: Strategies for Sexual Reproduction   

	A. Mechanisms for combining ova with spermatozoa


		1. not all reproduction is sexual


			a. parthenogenesis


				i. no males


				ii. eggs in parthenogenetic females are diploid


					(1) clone 


	B. External


		1. usually happens in water


		2. many gametes are lost



		3. e.g. some fishes & frogs (not all)

	C. Internal


		1. via intromittent organs


		2. spermatophore 


			a. e.g. salamanders and newts: 


		3. cloacal apposition


			a. birds


	D. Intromittent organs


		1.  by which males deliver sperm into the vagina


		2. sharks - copulatory organ = claspers


			a. derived from part of the pelvic fin
			   (not homologous to the penis)


			b. sperm conducted in a groove


		3. teleost fishes - gonopodium


			a. derived from anal fin


			b. grooved


		4. frogs (fast moving streams)
		   - intromittent organ derived from tail tissue


		5. hemipenis (half), 2 hemipenes


			a. some reptiles


			b. homologous with penis


			c. bilateral


				i. used alternately


				ii. each hemipenis contiguous with only one testis


		6. penis


			a. derived from urogenital sinus tissue


			b. marsupials have 2 


				i. bilateral


			c. hemotumescent


				ii. NO dilates capillary vessels- sphincter


					(1) made in vascular epithelium, neurons
	

XXII. Gamete Interaction